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Masha'allah ibn Atharī (c.740–815 CE) was an eighth-century Persian Jewish〔''Islam and Science'', by M. H. Syed, p. 212〕 astrologer and astronomer from the city of Basra (located in Iraq) who became the leading astrologer of the late 8th century.〔David Pingree: "Māshā'allāh", Dictionary of Scientific Biography 9 (1974), 159–162.〕 According to Ibn al-Nadim in his ''Fihrist'', Mashallah was "a man of distinction and during his period the leading person for the science of judgments of the stars". He served as a court astrologer for the Abbasid caliphate, and wrote a number of works on astrology in Arabic, some of which have only survived in Latin translations. Science historian Donald Hill writes that Mashallah was originally from Khorasan.〔Donald R. Hill. ''Islamic Science and Engineering'', 1994. p10. ISBN 0-7486-0457-X〕 The Arabic phrase ''ma sha`a allah'' indicates acceptance of what God has ordained in terms of good or ill fortune that may befall a believer. Ibn al-Nadim said Mashallah's name was Mīshā, meaning Yithro (Jethro).〔.〕 Latin translators also called him Messahala (with many variants, such as ''Messahalla'', ''Messala'', ''Macellama'', ''Macelarma'', ''Messahalah''). The crater Messala on the Moon is named after him. ==Life and works== As a young man he participated in the founding of Baghdad for Caliph Al-Mansur in 762 by working with a group of astrologers led by Naubakht the Persian to pick an electional horoscope for the founding of the city.〔Benjamin N. Dykes (). ''Works of Sahl and Masha'allah''. Cazimi Press, 2008. ().〕 He wrote over twenty works on predominantly astrology, which became authoritative in later centuries at first in the Middle East, and then in the West when horoscopic astrology was transmitted back to Europe beginning in the 12th century. His writings include both what would be recognized as traditional horary astrology and an earlier type of astrology which casts consultation charts to divine the client's intention.〔 It is also known that his work was heavily influenced by Hermes Trismegistus and Dorotheus.〔.〕 Only one of his writings is still extant in its original Arabic,〔David Pingree: "Māshā'allāh: Greek, Pahlavī, Arabic, and Latin Astrology", in Perspectives arabes et médiévales sur la tradition scientifique et philosophique grecque. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 79. Leuven-Paris 1997. 123–136.〕 but there are many medieval Latin,〔Lynn Thorndike: "The Latin Translations of Astrological Works by Messahala", Osiris 12 (1956), 49–72.〕 Byzantine Greek〔David Pingree: "The Byzantine Translations of Māshā'allāh on Interrogational Astrology", in The Occult Sciences in Byzantium. Ed. Paul Magdalino, Maria V. Mavroudi. Geneva 2006. 231–243.〕〔David Pingree: "From Alexandria to Baghdād to Byzantium: The Transmission of Astrology", International Journal of the Classical Tradition, Summer 2001, 3–37.〕 and Hebrew translations. His treatise ''De mercibus'' (''On Prices'') is the oldest extant scientific work in Arabic.〔Durant, Will (1950). ''The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante A.D. 325–1300'', p. 403. New York: Simon and Schuster〕 One of his most popular works in the Middle Ages was a cosmological treatise which provides a comprehensive account of the whole cosmos along Aristotelian lines. In it, Mashallah covers many topics that were important in early cosmology and strays away from traditional cosmology by postulating a ten-orb universe. Mashallah had intended for his account to be aimed at laymen and therefore included diagrams with text to facilitate comprehension of his main ideas. The treatise was printed in two manuscript versions: a short version of 27 chapters known as ''De scientia motus orbis'' and an expanded version of 40 chapters known as ''De elementis et orbibus''.〔 The shorter version was translated by Gherardo Cremonese (Gerard of Cremona). Both were printed in Nuremberg and in 1504 and 1549, respectively. This work is commonly referred to as ''De orbe'' for short. Mashallah wrote the first treatise on the astrolabe ((p 10) ) in Arabic.〔 It was later translated into Latin as ''De Astrolabii Compositione et Ultilitate'' and included in Gregor Reisch's ''Margarita phylosophica'' (ed. pr., Freiburg, 1503; Suter says the text is included in the Basel edition of 1583). Its contents primarily deal with the construction and usage of an astrolabe. His ''On Conjunctions, Religions, and People'' discusses the astrology of important world events and the role Jupiter-Saturn conjunctions have in their timing. This treatise does not survive intact and is preserved only in quotations by the Christian astrologer Ibn Hibinta. Other notable works are his ''Liber Messahallaede revoltione liber annorum mundi'', a work on revolutions, and ''De rebus eclipsium et de conjunctionibus planetarum in revolutionibus annorm mundi'', a work on eclipses. His work on nativities, with the Arabic title ''Kitab al - Mawalid'', has been partially translated into English from a Latin translation of the Arabic by James H. Holden.〔 Other astronomical and astrological writings are quoted by Suter and Steinschneider. An Irish astronomical tract also exists based in part on a medieval Latin version. Edited with preface, translation, and glossary, by Afaula Power (Irish Texts Society, vol. 14, 194 p., 1914). The notable 12th century scholar and astrologer Abraham ibn Ezra translated two of Mashallah's astrological treatises into Hebrew: ''She'elot'' and ''Ḳadrut'' (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Uebers." pp. 600–603). Eleven of Mashallah's astrological treatises were translated out of Latin into English in 2008 and are available in ''The Works of Sahl and Masha'allah'' by Benjamin N. Dykes. ''On Reception'' is also available in an English translation by Robert Hand〔Robert Hand (). ''On Reception'' by Masha'allah. ARHAT (Archive for the Retrieval of Historical Astrological Texts), 1998. ()〕 from the Latin edition by Joachim Heller of Nuremberg in 1549. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mashallah ibn Athari」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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